Epic of Beowulf - Where Did the Christianity in Beowulf Come From? Essa

Where Did the Christianity in Beowulf Come From?   â The Christian impacts in Beowulf at last originated from the Christian/Catholic Church of Rome which changed over Romans, and along these lines the Roman armies and subsequently the involved territories. Additionally the Christian/Catholic Bishop of Rome sent minister clerics and priests to the British Isles to proselytze the populace. There are extra contemplations as well.  As a matter of first importance, let us get straight to the point about the way that the transformation of Britain to Christianity started very early. The Catholic minister Venerable Bede, conceived in Bernicia, Northumbria, around 673, states in Bk 1, Ch 4 of his Ecclesiastical History of the English People that while Eleutherius was Bishop of Rome (175-189AD), a lord of Britain named Lucius mentioned of the Pope that the ruler be purified through water a Catholic by ecclesiastical pronouncement:  In the time of our Lord 156 Marcus Antoninus Verus was made ruler along with his sibling Aurelius Commodus. He was the fourteenth after Augustus. In their time, while a sacred man called Eleutherius was religious administrator of the congregation at Rome, Lucius, a lord of Britain, sent him a letter supplicating him that he may be made a Christian by a rescript from him. His devout solicitation was immediately allowed and the Britons safeguarded the confidence which they had gotten, untouched and whole, in harmony and calm, until the hour of the Emperor Diocletian.  Bede’s last sentence in the section suggests that Christianity had just been built up in Britain for quite a while before Eleutherius possessing Peter’s seat from 175-189. This appears to be sensible as indicated by what is composed by the antiquarian Eusebius Pamphilus, cleric of Caesarea, in His Ecclesiastical History written in the 300’s. The Ecclesiastical His... ...McClure, Judith, editors. Bede: The Ecclesiastical History of the English People; The Greater Chronicle; Bede’s Letter to Egbert. New York: Oxford University Press, 1969.  Eusebius’ Ecclesiastical History, interpreted by C.F. Cruse. Peabody, MS: Hendrickson Publishers, 2000.  Magoun, Frances P. â€Å"Oral-Formulaic Character of Anglo-Saxon Narrative Poetry.†Ã¢ In TheBeowulf Poet, altered by Donald K. Fry. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968.  â€Å"Nero.† The Columbia Encyclopedia, sixth ed. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000. www.bartleby.com/65/.  â€Å"St. Patrick.† The Columbia Encyclopedia, sixth ed. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000. www.bartleby.com/65/.  Ward and Trent, et al. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1907â€21; New York: Bartleby.com, 2000  Â

Open Art Surgery The dilemma of the administrator Essay

Open Art Surgery The difficulty of the overseer - Essay Example This examination tells that when the â€Å"experts† depict a canvas, you can hear expressions of this sort of relinquish which are for the most part out of the basic man’s scope of comprehension. For instance, a specialist may watch a specific work of art and state something like â€Å"this painting depicts an excursion of the mind that rises above the unfathomable length of time inside the bounds of your soul† and tuning in to this the craftsmen and their chiefs may gesture their heads in understanding. For those outside this wonderland, be that as it may, these words will sound empty and will go directly over their heads. There, exists a requirement for the craftsmanship to be deciphered without the standard master jingo and clichã ©d uses and expressions. Be that as it may, since the 1980s the workmanship exchange has bloomed one of the most beneficial exercises for the rich and well known. It’s much like another organization opening up to the world in the securities exchange. â€Å"When a â€Å"priceless† masterpiece gets a sticker price, the wrangling, feigning and profiteering begin.† The players plunge from around the world with exceptionally dissolvable amassed riches that will move submits only a couple of moments. At no other time has craftsmanship been such a ware as it is today. â€Å"The universes top displays and sale houses are turning record benefits: in February 2007, London did 590 million euros in business with closeouts of work of art in only five days†. The contrasts between overseeing Arts and overseeing Business - Can workmanship be overseen like a business? The appropriate response lies in the way that however there is an extreme weight from the new network in the workmanship segment that of the specialists and the theorists to manage a fine art as a bit of the great land or blue-chip stock, there is still any expectation of holding a portion of the uniqueness that craftsmanship is credit ed with. Like Dewitt Jones pronounces in his article Creativity has any kind of effect, â€Å"Art is inventive; business is reasonable. Craftsmanship is silly; business is not kidding. Workmanship is to be enjoyed just when all the significant stuff' is done; business is the significant stuff.

Sleep Apnea Devices Market Worth $19.72 Billion by 2017

The â€Å"Sleep Apnea Diagnostic and Therapeutic Devices Market [Polysomnographs, Respiratory Polygraphs, Pulse Oximeters, CPAP, Masks, Adaptive Servo-Ventilation (ASV), Oral Appliances, Nasal EPAP, Neurostimulation] Global End-client Analysis, Competitive Landscape and Forecast to 2017† investigates and studies the significant market drivers, restrictions, and openings in North America, Europe, Asia, and Rest of the World. Peruse 147 market information tables spread through 318 pagesand inside and out TOC of â€Å"Sleep Apnea Diagnostic and Therapeutic Devices Market [Polysomnographs, Respiratory Polygraphs, Pulse Oximeters, CPAP, Masks, Adaptive Servo-Ventilation (ASV), Oral Appliances, Nasal EPAP, Neurostimulation] Global End-client Analysis, Competitive Landscape and Forecast to 2017†. http://www. marketsandmarkets. com/Market-Reports/rest apnea-gadgets showcase 719. html Early purchasers will get 10% customization on reports. This report examines the worldwide rest apnea gadgets showcase, with gauge to 2017. Rest issues are touted as a ‘global epidemic’ and rest apnea is an essential supporter of this issue. Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is the most widely recognized sort of rest apnea; around 84% of individuals with rest apnea are determined to have the ailment. Studies recommend that around 100 million individuals overall are suspected to have obstructive rest apnea, of which over 80% stay undiscovered. Rest apnea is a moderately new market in the clinical field, picking up force at a quick pace, particularly in created topographies. The interest for rest apnea gadgets is scheduled to increment at a quicker pace, attributable to progressively expanding mindfulness among the two patients and the clinical clique. The worldwide rest apnea gadgets showcase was esteemed at $7. 96 billion in the year 2011 and is relied upon to reach $19. 72 billion continuously 2017. North America was the biggest rest apnea gadgets advertise, trailed by Europe and Asia. North America will keep on driving the rest apnea gadget advertise in the following scarcely any years, trailed by Europe. The Asian region’s commitment to the worldwide rest apnea gadget showcase is required to get in the coming years, as the ailment gets more acknowledgment. The worldwide rest apnea gadgets advertise, which is comprehensively characterized into Diagnostic Devices and Therapeutic Devices, is seeing high serious force. Fragment competition is high, as there are a couple of settled firms and a few little firms with comparative item contributions. The market is commanded by Philips Respironics and ResMed, Inc. , which together involve 70% of the market. Fisher and Paykel Healthcare, CareFusion Corporation, Natus Medical Incorporated, DeVilbiss Healthcare, Weinmann Medical Devices, and so forth are a portion of the other conspicuous players in the worldwide rest apnea gadgets advertise.

Big Business and The Robber Barons Essay -- Corporate America Consumer

The decades after the Civil War quickly changed the substance of the United States. The fast industrialization of the country transformed us from by and large agrarian to the top mechanical force on the planet. Business magnates flourished during this time, fashioning extraordinary business realms with the utilization of trusts and pools. Ranchers moved to the urban areas and into the production lines, living off wages and changing the essence of the workforce. This fast industrialization made wide holes in the public eye, and the administration, which had initially adopted a hands off strategy to business, had to step in. Numerous people exploited the fast industrialization and high deluge of modest work as migrants. Among these business visionaries were John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and George Pullman. Each became well known by manufacturing their own corporate domain. Rockefeller was an industrialist and donor who made his fortune by establishing the Standard Oil Company in 1870. Endeavoring to hoard the business and press out the center man, Rockefeller gradually dealt with the oil business. He shaped the incredible Standard Oil Trust in 1882, which joined the entirety of his organizations and made sure about 95% of oil creation in the United States for himself. Rockefeller was an industrialist who got rid of the entirety of his opposition with his trust, in the long run prompting Congress intercession. Andrew Carnegie discovered his fortune in steel. Showing up in America in 1848, he immediately advanced up society’s stepping stool and in 1870 established the Carnegie Steel Company in Pittsburgh. Carnegie was against monopolistic practices, yet prevailing with regards to wiping out the center man. He spearheaded the strategy of â€Å"vertical integration†... ...elped to enlarge the break among rich and poor. Ranchers, who were once independently employed, were quickly turning out to be assembly line laborers. In 1860 a large portion of the country was independently employed, yet by 1900 66% were reliant on compensation. This pattern caused the fast urbanization of America, which drew out certain issues. Wages were rising, so it was a great idea to be working, yet with subordinate wages the laborers we’re powerless to monetary downturns. The work environment likewise turned out to be significantly less affable as individuals moved to production line employments. New machines would regularly uproot laborers, and individual specialists had little capacity to battle for their privileges against the ventures. There was consistently a dread of joblessness, and reformers attempted to ensure compensation and have arrangements for brief joblessness. As more individuals moved to the urban areas and the partnerships developed, social fractur es increased and bigger.

10 Vital Reasons a Study in Psychology Can Come in Handy in Everyday Life

10 Vital Reasons a Study in Psychology Can Come in Handy in Everyday Life 10 Vital Reasons a Study in Psychology Can Come in Handy in Everyday Life Do you imagine that the examination in brain science is tied in with exhausting exploration and course books? You couldn’t be all the more off-base. Brain science is the investigation of human conduct. It’s the establishment of our connections, our inspirations, our contentions, and our deterrents. On a fundamental level, brain science is truly everything, and we use it consistently without knowing it. Here are for the most part the manners in which that contemplating brain research can support you. Inspiration. Examining brain research encourages you comprehend the reasons why you need something, regardless of whether it’s passing marks, a new position, or to go to a specific school. At the point when you know the explanation you need something, you will set clear objectives and work a lot harder. Dynamic. Regardless of whether it’s picking a vocation or choosing what to have for breakfast, brain research gives you the instruments to investigate a choice from various points of view to settle on the correct decision. You will find out about the â€Å"six hats† of viable dynamic: the judicious, the enthusiastic, the instinctive, the imaginative, the positive, and the negative. Accounts. Regularly our feelings lead us to make poor decisions where cash is concerned. You may put off putting something aside for things like doctoral level college or even retirement. Or on the other hand you may purchase something you don’t truly need that much since every one of your companions are getting it. Brain science makes you progressively mindful of these feelings with the goal that you will spare more and spend less. Wellbeing. Finding out about brain science gives you bits of knowledge that enable you to have a more beneficial way of life. For instance, in the event that you will in general eat excessively, brain research will assist you with understanding the explanations behind the gorging so you can address them. Comprehension and sympathy for other people. Brain research fabricates your enthusiastic knowledge. That implies you comprehend your own feelings and those of others, a capacity that some accept more prescient of accomplishment than customary insight. Connections. Brain research can assist you with abstaining from experiencing one bombed relationship after another. It’s a lot simpler to live with someone else on the off chance that you comprehend their conduct. It likewise causes you tell whether a potential companion or accomplice is good, dispensing with awfulness later. Correspondence. The capacity to convey includes talking, however tuning in. It likewise implies perusing non-verbal signals. Understanding nonverbal correspondence causes you get your own message across more unmistakably in light of the fact that it keeps you and the other party on â€Å"the same page.† Initiative. You may not be the CEO of an organization, however administration is as yet an ability that you’re going to require throughout everyday life. Considering brain research shows you the abilities to engage others to be their best selves, regardless of whether it’s a young games group you’re instructing or a subgroup at the workplace that you’re leading. Influence. How can it be that a few commercials are so viable? Since their makers get brain research. It’s an important device to convince others to your perspective. What's more, who doesn’t need that? Self-assurance. Brain research causes you to realize yourself better and to deal with your shortcomings. You can be certain about the information that you have qualities and that you are continually improving. What's more, others will see that certainty and react emphatically to it. As should be obvious, brain science doesn’t simply live at the pages of lab reports and research examines! It’s on the planet surrounding you. So make a plunge and figure out how it influences you. We guarantee you’ll be happy you did.

SIPA Pushing the Bounds of Mobile Technology COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA Pushing the Bounds of Mobile Technology COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The following was submitted to us for posting by the SIPA student blog, The Morningside Post. Several SIPA students recently participated in the MobileTech4SocialChange conference in New York in February, hosted by Mobile Active, an organization that promotes innovative use of mobile phones for social impact. The forum featured some of the most active minds in mobile technology and highlighted ways in which cell phones can be used, for example in aiding peacekeeping operations in conflict zones to increasing fundraising for nonprofits from among large groups of individual donors. In addition to the recent first place award presented to a team of SIPA students in USAID’s Development 2.0 Challenge, SIPA students are expanding notions of what can traditionally be accomplished through mobile technology. You can find three student perspectives on the Mobile Active event at The Morningside Post, the community blog for SIPA, or by clicking below: MobileActive: The Technology of Change Is Changing MobileActive: Nonprofit Fundraising for the 21st Century Telemedicine 2.0: Who needs Internet when you’ve got a cell phone?

The implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility - Free Essay Example

Corporate social responsibilities fall into four main areas. These are economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary responsibilities. These four responsibilities together form the total of a companys social responsiveness. A companys ethical and social responsibilities are increasingly considered as important as economic and legal responsibilities, with managers and organisations typically finding themselves involved in several such issues simultaneously (Daft 2006). Regester and Larkin (2005) state that CSR is an emerging, as yet poorly defined, process used by some as a fashion statement through glossy reports and websites, and others as a potential framework for demonstrating a more responsible approach to doing business. Over the past two decades, the pressure upon business to become accountable and perform a social and environmental role has increased dramatically. Incidents such as the Union Carbide accident in Bhopal, India and the Chernobyl nuclear power station disaster in the Ukraine helped put corporate responsibility for environmental hazards on the international agenda. Western industrialised governments responded to such incidents, and established legal and regulatory frameworks for co rporate responsibility. Pearlson and Saunders (2004) state that social contract theory means that the social responsibilities of corporate managers require to consider the needs of society together with the corporations business arrangements. Society bestows legal recognition on a corporation to allow it to employ social resources toward given ends. The meaning of this contract is that, in allowing a corporation to exist, society demands at a minimum that it creates more value to the society than it consumes. In this way, society changes the corporation to enhance its welfare by satisfying particular interests of consumers and workers in exploiting the advantage of the being a corporation. There are two components relevant to the social contract. The social welfare term arises from the belief that corporations must provide greater benefits than their associated costs or society would not permit their creation. Similarly the justice component holds that corporations must pursue pr ofits legally, without fraud or deception, and avoid activities that injure society. Maslows theory of motivation of human needs covers five headings. In relation to its application in industry, the physiological needs are the basic ones to satisfy the requirements to be fed, watered and stay alive, the safety needs are the common desire for employment with security, pension and insurance, the social needs are those of belonging to a group, The esteem needs are a desire for reputation, prestige, recognition appreciation and importance. The final need is the need for self-actualisation, or self-fulfilment which is the tendency for a person to fulfil their potential. Applying Maslows theory to industry requires the acceptance that work should provide at least the financial means for pursuing the all-important goal of self-actualisation outside the organisation, namely in leisure activities and family life (Adair, 2006). There is often conflict between codes of conduct and the pr actical realities of applying what Western countries believe they constitute and their application in other cultures. Porter (2008) argues that there is a link between competitive business advantage and CSR. The CSR field remains strongly imbued with a moral imperative. In some areas, such as honesty in filing financial statements and operating within the law, moral considerations are easy to understand and apply. It is in the nature of moral obligations to be absolute mandates, however, while most corporate social choices involve balancing competing values, interests and costs. Googles recent entry into China, for example has created an irreconcilable conflict between its US customers abhorrence of censorship and the legal constraints imposed by the Chinese government. Very recent events have shown that codes of conduct can be cynically ignored when they conflict with political attitudes towards criminal activities. As reported in 2010 Google has decided to end censorship in China following malicious hacking attacks in China against Chinese human rights activists who had used social networking to further their cause. This was seen as blatantly ignoring the obligation of all nations to keep its part of the Internet secure, and Chinas failure to criminalise such activities (Guardian.co.uk 2010). Economic The responsibility of a business is to produce the goods and services that society wants and to maximise profits for its owners and shareholders. The economist Milton Friedman held the view that the corporation should be operated on a profit-oriented basis, with its prime mission to increase its profits while staying within the rules of the game. However, this profit-maximising view is no longer considered an adequate criterion of performance in much of the Western world. This approach means that economic gain is the only social responsibility and can lead companies into difficulties (Daft 2006). There can be economic benefits in the application of codes of conduct, either directly, or by avoidance of potential cost at a later stage. Keinert (2008) states that proven benefits good CSR can bring include the achievement of competitive advantage, better reaching market segments like ethical consumers and socially responsible investors, and enhanced opportunities for strategic allia nces or other partnership as major business opportunities. One source of major competitive advantage possibly achievable through CSR is the lowering of operational costs. This can be accomplished through saving disposal costs of IT or other equipment when donating it. Also investments in environment-friendly or otherwise socially beneficial business processes or products can incur cost advantages in case they later become either regulated, or an industry standard. Esty and Winston (2006) believe that competitive advantages are becoming ever more difficult to establish and maintain because the traditional points of competitive differentiation are being constricted on all sides. Companies must find new ways to break out of the pack and those who dont will struggle to keep up in the marketplace. One opportunity is a refinement of overall business strategy by introducing an environmental sub-strategy. The business world is waking up to an inevitable and unavoidable truth that the eco nomy and the environment are deeply intertwined. All goods depend on nature and the services it provides, and without careful stewardship, natural resource constraints will encroach on growing number of companies and industries. Concern about these trends is driving laws, rules, and expectations that will further restrain business. Major companies like Wal-Mart and General Electric have launched major environmental initiatives. Vogel (2005) argues that many people are attracted to firms whose values and behaviour are similar to theirs and the leadership and employees of successful companies often share a common vision. A survey in 2004 of more than 800 MBAs from leading North American and European business schools showed that ninety-even percent would be willing to forgo an average of fourteen percent of their expected income in order to work with an organisations with a better reputation for corporate social responsibility and ethics. Legal Businesses are expected to fulfil their economic goals within a legal framework which recognises what society thinks of as appropriate corporate responsibility. The legal requirements are those which are imposed by local and governmental authorities. For example intentionally manufacturing defective goods of submitting a bill for work which is not carried out is illegal (Daft 2006). Corrupt practices can be ignored, or even connived at, by unscrupulous management and in some cases aided or at least connived at by political interests. These corrupt practices can and do bring about the downfall of seemingly successful businesses. Forster (2005) argues that historically, unethical, corrupt and illegal practices have been part and parcel of doing business for centuries, in spite of the considerable damage that such activities have caused. In more recent times, following the notorious Enron bankruptcy case in 2001, it was found that the senior managers of Enron had been lining their own pockets prior to declaring the company bankrupt. The collapse of Enron also led to the extinction of one of the worlds biggest accounting and consulting firms, Arthur Andersen and the company was found guilty of shredding documents in 2002, and several other criminal trials involving Andersen employees, who were supposed to have audited Enron prior to its collapse, were the subject of court cases. An even larger collapse was the case of the telecommunications company Worldcom, with nearly forty billion dollars unaccounted for and 17, 000 redundancies in 2002, where again, the senior managers of this company had also been lining their own pockets prior to declaring the company bankrupt, and several politicians in the US had sold off their stock in the company prior to its collapse. Ethical Demonstrating ethical responsibility means that organisation decision takers should act with equity, fairness, and impartiality, respect the rights of individuals, and only alter treatment of individuals when relevant to the goals and tasks of the organisation. Unethical behaviour occurs when decisions enable an individual or company to gain at the expense of other people or society as a whole (Daft 2006). According to Torrington et al (2008) the key issue with ethical codes is the extent to which they are supported by the people to whom they apply. They are not rules that can be enforced by penalties for non-compliance. It is necessary that they are understood, appreciated and willingly honoured by the great majority of those who are affected. There will then be considerable social pressure of the few who do not wish to comply. A disadvantage is that such a code may not be equally administered or supported, especially in the case of international companies. This is illustrated by the case of an American company with a high-profile commitment to positive action to seek out and employ members of disadvantages groups, reinforced by a program of employment and development for minorities. In The UK, however, was widely ignored on the basis that it was not an obligation on the part of management. In this way, it is clear that ethical responsibility can be interpreted in differing ways by different cultures. May et al (2007) state that when a company voluntarily elects to be responsible and by its activities, goes beyond what is strictly required of them, then that constitutes ethical conduct. It exercises its social responsibility in a committed manner, and, with that, demonstrates not only that it considers itself responsible, but also that it recognises the importance of the others around it. Among the major benefits of this type of ethical behaviour, the World Bank mentions the following advantages for companies: it generates a social license to function; it provides sustainable development that improves reputations ad trademarks, yields more efficient operations, boosts sales and preserves customer loyalty, and provides greater capacity to attract and retain employees; it creates new business opportunities; it attracts and retains investors and partners; it avoids crises from bad conduct; it generates government support; and it creates relational and political capital. The issue of ethical behaviour and its acceptance has been radically highlighted by the growth of unregulated communications in the form of the Internet. The massive increase in the use of the Internet by companies have led some to develop a code of ethics regarding non-work-related Internet use, and a policy covering Internet usage and making it known to all employees. Without a formal policy, it is much more difficult to enforce desired behaviour and deal with violators (Turban 2006). Accepted work conditions and practices differ markedly on a global basis. O ne disadvantage occurs when a major corporation in an advanced economy does business in a developing country; it may have established a level of corporate virtue consistent with the host countrys expectations, but employs workers in Southeast Asia in accordance with local customs and practices. This is the case for Nike, who run athletic footwear plants in Southeast Asia and has opened themselves up to changes of operating sweatshops, and averaging down its level of corporate responsibility. Once an image is established, it is difficult to dislodge in the minds of the public (Werther and Chandler 2006). Mullins (2008) states that personal integrity and individual values are important elements in ethical decision-making at work, but the increasingly common company, professional or industry codes of conduct may also provide support and guidance. These ethical resources do not always provide a clear and comfortable guidance, and sometimes, people in organisations will experience ten sion between the conflicting demands of their own personal values and the demands placed on them by the organisation. If these conflicts become intolerable and cannot be resolved through normal means, then an individual may decide to become a whistleblower in the public interest, by taking the high-risk approach of placing the problem in the public domain for resolution. Codes of conduct can help to reduce the risk of painful situations like this by providing a published set of values to which an individual can appeal, rather than taking the risk wholly personally. Discretionary Discretionary responsibility is purely voluntary and is guided by a companys desire to make social contributions not mandated by economics, law, or ethics. Discretionary activities include generous philanthropic contributions that offer no payback to the company and are not requested by those who are recipients (Daft 2006). Fisher and Lovell (2006) state that corporations are increasingly subject to scrutiny via international codes of conduct, such as the UN Global Compact, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and development (OECD)s Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, the Ethical Trading Initiative as well as various industry-specific or issue-specific codes, such as the Sweatshop Code and the Breastmilk Substitutes Code. However, while the number of codes increases, concerns regarding the efficacy of such codes also grow. Christian Aid provided three case studies of alleged double standards, hypocrisy and /or duplicity by, respectively, Shell and the continuing prob lems of the people on the Niger delta from Shells exploration there; British American Tobacco (BAT) and the medical ailments of the tobacco pickers of Kenya and Brazil; and Coca Cola and its alleged use (or misuse) of a village water source in India. Each of these companies claims high ethical standards. They each produce a social accountability report and BAT and Shell have been recognised as being leaders in social reporting. However, the form of voluntary reporting and accountability argued for on the Global Compact has been criticised by Christian Aid as, at best, of little significance, but, at worst, providing a faà §ade of social responsibility for its members, while behind the faà §ade little appears to change. Pride et al (2008) argue that social responsibility is the recognition that business activities have an impact on society and the consideration of that impact on decision-making. In the first few days after hurricane Katrina hot New Orleans, Wal-Mart delivered $2 0 million in cash, 100 truckloads of free merchandise, and food for 100,000 meals. The company also promised a job elsewhere for every one of its workers affected by the catastrophe. Social responsibility costs money, but what is not so obvious is that social responsibility is good for business. Customers eventually find out which companies are acting responsibly and which are not. And as a result they spend their money on a product made by a company that is socially responsible just as easily as they avoid a company that does not display this behaviour. The philanthropic approach has produced a competitive advantage for the Body Shop business. The main products of the Body Shop are cosmetics, in an industry that has been strongly criticised for animal testing of products, its use of ingredients that have questionable origins in terms of environmental damage, and its negative effect on womens self-esteem through marketing. To counter this, the Body Shop has designed its products around a strategy of no animal testing, fair trade with third-world suppliers of raw materials, environmental concern in product development and packaging and products that keep their promises and whose prices reflect their contents and manufacturing costs more that inflated brand name prices. In addition, the Body Shop donates parts of its profits to various causes and idealistic organisations. All of these elements have been successful in attracting loyal customers who would not consider buying a pricey branded product that might have been tested on animals (Andersen 2004). Schaffer et al (2008) relates that the Levi Straus Co. Global Sourcing and Operating Guidelines are generally recognised as the first code of conduct created by a multinational corporation and made applicable to its foreign suppliers, and their basic ideas could be applicable to any firm that does business through a global supply chain or with a supplier or contractor in a developing country. These guidelin es represent an effort by Levi Straus to control the activities of more than five hundred overseas contractors and suppliers. in the 1990s the company discovered that twenty-five percent or more of its subcontractors had abused employees in some fashion, and one plant in Bangladesh was using child labour. The response by Levi Straus was to develop guidelines to ensure that its contactors could not do it again. Levi Straus provides its suppliers with manuals and training programs to implement their standards. The company also developed its Country Assessment Guidelines, which are factors to be considered in deciding in which countries they will do business, including whether the human rights record of the country would be damaging to the Levi Straus corporate reputation or brand image. Conclusions There is increasing pressure, particularly for companies in the Western world, or those based in the West, to adopt codes of conduct which affect their economic, legal, ethical and discretionary actions as they pursue their business objectives. There is a proliferation of such codes, and while there are penalties for non-compliance in the economic and legal areas, adhering to ethical and discretional codes can vary with the cultural expectations of the areas in the world where they are employed. This is illustrated by difficulties experienced by international companies in conducting business activities in the underdeveloped areas. There are significant competitive advantages to be gained by the adoption of codes of conduct, but equally, there are pitfalls in that they may conceal hypocrisy on the part of companies who espouse their adherence to them. Deliberate flouting of widely-accepted ethical codes and responsibilities is also demonstrated by some national governments.