Epic of Beowulf - Where Did the Christianity in Beowulf Come From? Essa

Where Did the Christianity in Beowulf Come From?   â The Christian impacts in Beowulf at last originated from the Christian/Catholic Church of Rome which changed over Romans, and along these lines the Roman armies and subsequently the involved territories. Additionally the Christian/Catholic Bishop of Rome sent minister clerics and priests to the British Isles to proselytze the populace. There are extra contemplations as well.  As a matter of first importance, let us get straight to the point about the way that the transformation of Britain to Christianity started very early. The Catholic minister Venerable Bede, conceived in Bernicia, Northumbria, around 673, states in Bk 1, Ch 4 of his Ecclesiastical History of the English People that while Eleutherius was Bishop of Rome (175-189AD), a lord of Britain named Lucius mentioned of the Pope that the ruler be purified through water a Catholic by ecclesiastical pronouncement:  In the time of our Lord 156 Marcus Antoninus Verus was made ruler along with his sibling Aurelius Commodus. He was the fourteenth after Augustus. In their time, while a sacred man called Eleutherius was religious administrator of the congregation at Rome, Lucius, a lord of Britain, sent him a letter supplicating him that he may be made a Christian by a rescript from him. His devout solicitation was immediately allowed and the Britons safeguarded the confidence which they had gotten, untouched and whole, in harmony and calm, until the hour of the Emperor Diocletian.  Bede’s last sentence in the section suggests that Christianity had just been built up in Britain for quite a while before Eleutherius possessing Peter’s seat from 175-189. This appears to be sensible as indicated by what is composed by the antiquarian Eusebius Pamphilus, cleric of Caesarea, in His Ecclesiastical History written in the 300’s. The Ecclesiastical His... ...McClure, Judith, editors. Bede: The Ecclesiastical History of the English People; The Greater Chronicle; Bede’s Letter to Egbert. New York: Oxford University Press, 1969.  Eusebius’ Ecclesiastical History, interpreted by C.F. Cruse. Peabody, MS: Hendrickson Publishers, 2000.  Magoun, Frances P. â€Å"Oral-Formulaic Character of Anglo-Saxon Narrative Poetry.†Ã¢ In TheBeowulf Poet, altered by Donald K. Fry. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968.  â€Å"Nero.† The Columbia Encyclopedia, sixth ed. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000. www.bartleby.com/65/.  â€Å"St. Patrick.† The Columbia Encyclopedia, sixth ed. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000. www.bartleby.com/65/.  Ward and Trent, et al. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1907â€21; New York: Bartleby.com, 2000  Â

Open Art Surgery The dilemma of the administrator Essay

Open Art Surgery The difficulty of the overseer - Essay Example This examination tells that when the â€Å"experts† depict a canvas, you can hear expressions of this sort of relinquish which are for the most part out of the basic man’s scope of comprehension. For instance, a specialist may watch a specific work of art and state something like â€Å"this painting depicts an excursion of the mind that rises above the unfathomable length of time inside the bounds of your soul† and tuning in to this the craftsmen and their chiefs may gesture their heads in understanding. For those outside this wonderland, be that as it may, these words will sound empty and will go directly over their heads. There, exists a requirement for the craftsmanship to be deciphered without the standard master jingo and clichã ©d uses and expressions. Be that as it may, since the 1980s the workmanship exchange has bloomed one of the most beneficial exercises for the rich and well known. It’s much like another organization opening up to the world in the securities exchange. â€Å"When a â€Å"priceless† masterpiece gets a sticker price, the wrangling, feigning and profiteering begin.† The players plunge from around the world with exceptionally dissolvable amassed riches that will move submits only a couple of moments. At no other time has craftsmanship been such a ware as it is today. â€Å"The universes top displays and sale houses are turning record benefits: in February 2007, London did 590 million euros in business with closeouts of work of art in only five days†. The contrasts between overseeing Arts and overseeing Business - Can workmanship be overseen like a business? The appropriate response lies in the way that however there is an extreme weight from the new network in the workmanship segment that of the specialists and the theorists to manage a fine art as a bit of the great land or blue-chip stock, there is still any expectation of holding a portion of the uniqueness that craftsmanship is credit ed with. Like Dewitt Jones pronounces in his article Creativity has any kind of effect, â€Å"Art is inventive; business is reasonable. Craftsmanship is silly; business is not kidding. Workmanship is to be enjoyed just when all the significant stuff' is done; business is the significant stuff.

Sleep Apnea Devices Market Worth $19.72 Billion by 2017

The â€Å"Sleep Apnea Diagnostic and Therapeutic Devices Market [Polysomnographs, Respiratory Polygraphs, Pulse Oximeters, CPAP, Masks, Adaptive Servo-Ventilation (ASV), Oral Appliances, Nasal EPAP, Neurostimulation] Global End-client Analysis, Competitive Landscape and Forecast to 2017† investigates and studies the significant market drivers, restrictions, and openings in North America, Europe, Asia, and Rest of the World. Peruse 147 market information tables spread through 318 pagesand inside and out TOC of â€Å"Sleep Apnea Diagnostic and Therapeutic Devices Market [Polysomnographs, Respiratory Polygraphs, Pulse Oximeters, CPAP, Masks, Adaptive Servo-Ventilation (ASV), Oral Appliances, Nasal EPAP, Neurostimulation] Global End-client Analysis, Competitive Landscape and Forecast to 2017†. http://www. marketsandmarkets. com/Market-Reports/rest apnea-gadgets showcase 719. html Early purchasers will get 10% customization on reports. This report examines the worldwide rest apnea gadgets showcase, with gauge to 2017. Rest issues are touted as a ‘global epidemic’ and rest apnea is an essential supporter of this issue. Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is the most widely recognized sort of rest apnea; around 84% of individuals with rest apnea are determined to have the ailment. Studies recommend that around 100 million individuals overall are suspected to have obstructive rest apnea, of which over 80% stay undiscovered. Rest apnea is a moderately new market in the clinical field, picking up force at a quick pace, particularly in created topographies. The interest for rest apnea gadgets is scheduled to increment at a quicker pace, attributable to progressively expanding mindfulness among the two patients and the clinical clique. The worldwide rest apnea gadgets showcase was esteemed at $7. 96 billion in the year 2011 and is relied upon to reach $19. 72 billion continuously 2017. North America was the biggest rest apnea gadgets advertise, trailed by Europe and Asia. North America will keep on driving the rest apnea gadget advertise in the following scarcely any years, trailed by Europe. The Asian region’s commitment to the worldwide rest apnea gadget showcase is required to get in the coming years, as the ailment gets more acknowledgment. The worldwide rest apnea gadgets advertise, which is comprehensively characterized into Diagnostic Devices and Therapeutic Devices, is seeing high serious force. Fragment competition is high, as there are a couple of settled firms and a few little firms with comparative item contributions. The market is commanded by Philips Respironics and ResMed, Inc. , which together involve 70% of the market. Fisher and Paykel Healthcare, CareFusion Corporation, Natus Medical Incorporated, DeVilbiss Healthcare, Weinmann Medical Devices, and so forth are a portion of the other conspicuous players in the worldwide rest apnea gadgets advertise.

Big Business and The Robber Barons Essay -- Corporate America Consumer

The decades after the Civil War quickly changed the substance of the United States. The fast industrialization of the country transformed us from by and large agrarian to the top mechanical force on the planet. Business magnates flourished during this time, fashioning extraordinary business realms with the utilization of trusts and pools. Ranchers moved to the urban areas and into the production lines, living off wages and changing the essence of the workforce. This fast industrialization made wide holes in the public eye, and the administration, which had initially adopted a hands off strategy to business, had to step in. Numerous people exploited the fast industrialization and high deluge of modest work as migrants. Among these business visionaries were John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and George Pullman. Each became well known by manufacturing their own corporate domain. Rockefeller was an industrialist and donor who made his fortune by establishing the Standard Oil Company in 1870. Endeavoring to hoard the business and press out the center man, Rockefeller gradually dealt with the oil business. He shaped the incredible Standard Oil Trust in 1882, which joined the entirety of his organizations and made sure about 95% of oil creation in the United States for himself. Rockefeller was an industrialist who got rid of the entirety of his opposition with his trust, in the long run prompting Congress intercession. Andrew Carnegie discovered his fortune in steel. Showing up in America in 1848, he immediately advanced up society’s stepping stool and in 1870 established the Carnegie Steel Company in Pittsburgh. Carnegie was against monopolistic practices, yet prevailing with regards to wiping out the center man. He spearheaded the strategy of â€Å"vertical integration†... ...elped to enlarge the break among rich and poor. Ranchers, who were once independently employed, were quickly turning out to be assembly line laborers. In 1860 a large portion of the country was independently employed, yet by 1900 66% were reliant on compensation. This pattern caused the fast urbanization of America, which drew out certain issues. Wages were rising, so it was a great idea to be working, yet with subordinate wages the laborers we’re powerless to monetary downturns. The work environment likewise turned out to be significantly less affable as individuals moved to production line employments. New machines would regularly uproot laborers, and individual specialists had little capacity to battle for their privileges against the ventures. There was consistently a dread of joblessness, and reformers attempted to ensure compensation and have arrangements for brief joblessness. As more individuals moved to the urban areas and the partnerships developed, social fractur es increased and bigger.

10 Vital Reasons a Study in Psychology Can Come in Handy in Everyday Life

10 Vital Reasons a Study in Psychology Can Come in Handy in Everyday Life 10 Vital Reasons a Study in Psychology Can Come in Handy in Everyday Life Do you imagine that the examination in brain science is tied in with exhausting exploration and course books? You couldn’t be all the more off-base. Brain science is the investigation of human conduct. It’s the establishment of our connections, our inspirations, our contentions, and our deterrents. On a fundamental level, brain science is truly everything, and we use it consistently without knowing it. Here are for the most part the manners in which that contemplating brain research can support you. Inspiration. Examining brain research encourages you comprehend the reasons why you need something, regardless of whether it’s passing marks, a new position, or to go to a specific school. At the point when you know the explanation you need something, you will set clear objectives and work a lot harder. Dynamic. Regardless of whether it’s picking a vocation or choosing what to have for breakfast, brain research gives you the instruments to investigate a choice from various points of view to settle on the correct decision. You will find out about the â€Å"six hats† of viable dynamic: the judicious, the enthusiastic, the instinctive, the imaginative, the positive, and the negative. Accounts. Regularly our feelings lead us to make poor decisions where cash is concerned. You may put off putting something aside for things like doctoral level college or even retirement. Or on the other hand you may purchase something you don’t truly need that much since every one of your companions are getting it. Brain science makes you progressively mindful of these feelings with the goal that you will spare more and spend less. Wellbeing. Finding out about brain science gives you bits of knowledge that enable you to have a more beneficial way of life. For instance, in the event that you will in general eat excessively, brain research will assist you with understanding the explanations behind the gorging so you can address them. Comprehension and sympathy for other people. Brain research fabricates your enthusiastic knowledge. That implies you comprehend your own feelings and those of others, a capacity that some accept more prescient of accomplishment than customary insight. Connections. Brain research can assist you with abstaining from experiencing one bombed relationship after another. It’s a lot simpler to live with someone else on the off chance that you comprehend their conduct. It likewise causes you tell whether a potential companion or accomplice is good, dispensing with awfulness later. Correspondence. The capacity to convey includes talking, however tuning in. It likewise implies perusing non-verbal signals. Understanding nonverbal correspondence causes you get your own message across more unmistakably in light of the fact that it keeps you and the other party on â€Å"the same page.† Initiative. You may not be the CEO of an organization, however administration is as yet an ability that you’re going to require throughout everyday life. Considering brain research shows you the abilities to engage others to be their best selves, regardless of whether it’s a young games group you’re instructing or a subgroup at the workplace that you’re leading. Influence. How can it be that a few commercials are so viable? Since their makers get brain research. It’s an important device to convince others to your perspective. What's more, who doesn’t need that? Self-assurance. Brain research causes you to realize yourself better and to deal with your shortcomings. You can be certain about the information that you have qualities and that you are continually improving. What's more, others will see that certainty and react emphatically to it. As should be obvious, brain science doesn’t simply live at the pages of lab reports and research examines! It’s on the planet surrounding you. So make a plunge and figure out how it influences you. We guarantee you’ll be happy you did.

SIPA Pushing the Bounds of Mobile Technology COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA Pushing the Bounds of Mobile Technology COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The following was submitted to us for posting by the SIPA student blog, The Morningside Post. Several SIPA students recently participated in the MobileTech4SocialChange conference in New York in February, hosted by Mobile Active, an organization that promotes innovative use of mobile phones for social impact. The forum featured some of the most active minds in mobile technology and highlighted ways in which cell phones can be used, for example in aiding peacekeeping operations in conflict zones to increasing fundraising for nonprofits from among large groups of individual donors. In addition to the recent first place award presented to a team of SIPA students in USAID’s Development 2.0 Challenge, SIPA students are expanding notions of what can traditionally be accomplished through mobile technology. You can find three student perspectives on the Mobile Active event at The Morningside Post, the community blog for SIPA, or by clicking below: MobileActive: The Technology of Change Is Changing MobileActive: Nonprofit Fundraising for the 21st Century Telemedicine 2.0: Who needs Internet when you’ve got a cell phone?

The implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility - Free Essay Example

Corporate social responsibilities fall into four main areas. These are economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary responsibilities. These four responsibilities together form the total of a companys social responsiveness. A companys ethical and social responsibilities are increasingly considered as important as economic and legal responsibilities, with managers and organisations typically finding themselves involved in several such issues simultaneously (Daft 2006). Regester and Larkin (2005) state that CSR is an emerging, as yet poorly defined, process used by some as a fashion statement through glossy reports and websites, and others as a potential framework for demonstrating a more responsible approach to doing business. Over the past two decades, the pressure upon business to become accountable and perform a social and environmental role has increased dramatically. Incidents such as the Union Carbide accident in Bhopal, India and the Chernobyl nuclear power station disaster in the Ukraine helped put corporate responsibility for environmental hazards on the international agenda. Western industrialised governments responded to such incidents, and established legal and regulatory frameworks for co rporate responsibility. Pearlson and Saunders (2004) state that social contract theory means that the social responsibilities of corporate managers require to consider the needs of society together with the corporations business arrangements. Society bestows legal recognition on a corporation to allow it to employ social resources toward given ends. The meaning of this contract is that, in allowing a corporation to exist, society demands at a minimum that it creates more value to the society than it consumes. In this way, society changes the corporation to enhance its welfare by satisfying particular interests of consumers and workers in exploiting the advantage of the being a corporation. There are two components relevant to the social contract. The social welfare term arises from the belief that corporations must provide greater benefits than their associated costs or society would not permit their creation. Similarly the justice component holds that corporations must pursue pr ofits legally, without fraud or deception, and avoid activities that injure society. Maslows theory of motivation of human needs covers five headings. In relation to its application in industry, the physiological needs are the basic ones to satisfy the requirements to be fed, watered and stay alive, the safety needs are the common desire for employment with security, pension and insurance, the social needs are those of belonging to a group, The esteem needs are a desire for reputation, prestige, recognition appreciation and importance. The final need is the need for self-actualisation, or self-fulfilment which is the tendency for a person to fulfil their potential. Applying Maslows theory to industry requires the acceptance that work should provide at least the financial means for pursuing the all-important goal of self-actualisation outside the organisation, namely in leisure activities and family life (Adair, 2006). There is often conflict between codes of conduct and the pr actical realities of applying what Western countries believe they constitute and their application in other cultures. Porter (2008) argues that there is a link between competitive business advantage and CSR. The CSR field remains strongly imbued with a moral imperative. In some areas, such as honesty in filing financial statements and operating within the law, moral considerations are easy to understand and apply. It is in the nature of moral obligations to be absolute mandates, however, while most corporate social choices involve balancing competing values, interests and costs. Googles recent entry into China, for example has created an irreconcilable conflict between its US customers abhorrence of censorship and the legal constraints imposed by the Chinese government. Very recent events have shown that codes of conduct can be cynically ignored when they conflict with political attitudes towards criminal activities. As reported in 2010 Google has decided to end censorship in China following malicious hacking attacks in China against Chinese human rights activists who had used social networking to further their cause. This was seen as blatantly ignoring the obligation of all nations to keep its part of the Internet secure, and Chinas failure to criminalise such activities (Guardian.co.uk 2010). Economic The responsibility of a business is to produce the goods and services that society wants and to maximise profits for its owners and shareholders. The economist Milton Friedman held the view that the corporation should be operated on a profit-oriented basis, with its prime mission to increase its profits while staying within the rules of the game. However, this profit-maximising view is no longer considered an adequate criterion of performance in much of the Western world. This approach means that economic gain is the only social responsibility and can lead companies into difficulties (Daft 2006). There can be economic benefits in the application of codes of conduct, either directly, or by avoidance of potential cost at a later stage. Keinert (2008) states that proven benefits good CSR can bring include the achievement of competitive advantage, better reaching market segments like ethical consumers and socially responsible investors, and enhanced opportunities for strategic allia nces or other partnership as major business opportunities. One source of major competitive advantage possibly achievable through CSR is the lowering of operational costs. This can be accomplished through saving disposal costs of IT or other equipment when donating it. Also investments in environment-friendly or otherwise socially beneficial business processes or products can incur cost advantages in case they later become either regulated, or an industry standard. Esty and Winston (2006) believe that competitive advantages are becoming ever more difficult to establish and maintain because the traditional points of competitive differentiation are being constricted on all sides. Companies must find new ways to break out of the pack and those who dont will struggle to keep up in the marketplace. One opportunity is a refinement of overall business strategy by introducing an environmental sub-strategy. The business world is waking up to an inevitable and unavoidable truth that the eco nomy and the environment are deeply intertwined. All goods depend on nature and the services it provides, and without careful stewardship, natural resource constraints will encroach on growing number of companies and industries. Concern about these trends is driving laws, rules, and expectations that will further restrain business. Major companies like Wal-Mart and General Electric have launched major environmental initiatives. Vogel (2005) argues that many people are attracted to firms whose values and behaviour are similar to theirs and the leadership and employees of successful companies often share a common vision. A survey in 2004 of more than 800 MBAs from leading North American and European business schools showed that ninety-even percent would be willing to forgo an average of fourteen percent of their expected income in order to work with an organisations with a better reputation for corporate social responsibility and ethics. Legal Businesses are expected to fulfil their economic goals within a legal framework which recognises what society thinks of as appropriate corporate responsibility. The legal requirements are those which are imposed by local and governmental authorities. For example intentionally manufacturing defective goods of submitting a bill for work which is not carried out is illegal (Daft 2006). Corrupt practices can be ignored, or even connived at, by unscrupulous management and in some cases aided or at least connived at by political interests. These corrupt practices can and do bring about the downfall of seemingly successful businesses. Forster (2005) argues that historically, unethical, corrupt and illegal practices have been part and parcel of doing business for centuries, in spite of the considerable damage that such activities have caused. In more recent times, following the notorious Enron bankruptcy case in 2001, it was found that the senior managers of Enron had been lining their own pockets prior to declaring the company bankrupt. The collapse of Enron also led to the extinction of one of the worlds biggest accounting and consulting firms, Arthur Andersen and the company was found guilty of shredding documents in 2002, and several other criminal trials involving Andersen employees, who were supposed to have audited Enron prior to its collapse, were the subject of court cases. An even larger collapse was the case of the telecommunications company Worldcom, with nearly forty billion dollars unaccounted for and 17, 000 redundancies in 2002, where again, the senior managers of this company had also been lining their own pockets prior to declaring the company bankrupt, and several politicians in the US had sold off their stock in the company prior to its collapse. Ethical Demonstrating ethical responsibility means that organisation decision takers should act with equity, fairness, and impartiality, respect the rights of individuals, and only alter treatment of individuals when relevant to the goals and tasks of the organisation. Unethical behaviour occurs when decisions enable an individual or company to gain at the expense of other people or society as a whole (Daft 2006). According to Torrington et al (2008) the key issue with ethical codes is the extent to which they are supported by the people to whom they apply. They are not rules that can be enforced by penalties for non-compliance. It is necessary that they are understood, appreciated and willingly honoured by the great majority of those who are affected. There will then be considerable social pressure of the few who do not wish to comply. A disadvantage is that such a code may not be equally administered or supported, especially in the case of international companies. This is illustrated by the case of an American company with a high-profile commitment to positive action to seek out and employ members of disadvantages groups, reinforced by a program of employment and development for minorities. In The UK, however, was widely ignored on the basis that it was not an obligation on the part of management. In this way, it is clear that ethical responsibility can be interpreted in differing ways by different cultures. May et al (2007) state that when a company voluntarily elects to be responsible and by its activities, goes beyond what is strictly required of them, then that constitutes ethical conduct. It exercises its social responsibility in a committed manner, and, with that, demonstrates not only that it considers itself responsible, but also that it recognises the importance of the others around it. Among the major benefits of this type of ethical behaviour, the World Bank mentions the following advantages for companies: it generates a social license to function; it provides sustainable development that improves reputations ad trademarks, yields more efficient operations, boosts sales and preserves customer loyalty, and provides greater capacity to attract and retain employees; it creates new business opportunities; it attracts and retains investors and partners; it avoids crises from bad conduct; it generates government support; and it creates relational and political capital. The issue of ethical behaviour and its acceptance has been radically highlighted by the growth of unregulated communications in the form of the Internet. The massive increase in the use of the Internet by companies have led some to develop a code of ethics regarding non-work-related Internet use, and a policy covering Internet usage and making it known to all employees. Without a formal policy, it is much more difficult to enforce desired behaviour and deal with violators (Turban 2006). Accepted work conditions and practices differ markedly on a global basis. O ne disadvantage occurs when a major corporation in an advanced economy does business in a developing country; it may have established a level of corporate virtue consistent with the host countrys expectations, but employs workers in Southeast Asia in accordance with local customs and practices. This is the case for Nike, who run athletic footwear plants in Southeast Asia and has opened themselves up to changes of operating sweatshops, and averaging down its level of corporate responsibility. Once an image is established, it is difficult to dislodge in the minds of the public (Werther and Chandler 2006). Mullins (2008) states that personal integrity and individual values are important elements in ethical decision-making at work, but the increasingly common company, professional or industry codes of conduct may also provide support and guidance. These ethical resources do not always provide a clear and comfortable guidance, and sometimes, people in organisations will experience ten sion between the conflicting demands of their own personal values and the demands placed on them by the organisation. If these conflicts become intolerable and cannot be resolved through normal means, then an individual may decide to become a whistleblower in the public interest, by taking the high-risk approach of placing the problem in the public domain for resolution. Codes of conduct can help to reduce the risk of painful situations like this by providing a published set of values to which an individual can appeal, rather than taking the risk wholly personally. Discretionary Discretionary responsibility is purely voluntary and is guided by a companys desire to make social contributions not mandated by economics, law, or ethics. Discretionary activities include generous philanthropic contributions that offer no payback to the company and are not requested by those who are recipients (Daft 2006). Fisher and Lovell (2006) state that corporations are increasingly subject to scrutiny via international codes of conduct, such as the UN Global Compact, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and development (OECD)s Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, the Ethical Trading Initiative as well as various industry-specific or issue-specific codes, such as the Sweatshop Code and the Breastmilk Substitutes Code. However, while the number of codes increases, concerns regarding the efficacy of such codes also grow. Christian Aid provided three case studies of alleged double standards, hypocrisy and /or duplicity by, respectively, Shell and the continuing prob lems of the people on the Niger delta from Shells exploration there; British American Tobacco (BAT) and the medical ailments of the tobacco pickers of Kenya and Brazil; and Coca Cola and its alleged use (or misuse) of a village water source in India. Each of these companies claims high ethical standards. They each produce a social accountability report and BAT and Shell have been recognised as being leaders in social reporting. However, the form of voluntary reporting and accountability argued for on the Global Compact has been criticised by Christian Aid as, at best, of little significance, but, at worst, providing a faà §ade of social responsibility for its members, while behind the faà §ade little appears to change. Pride et al (2008) argue that social responsibility is the recognition that business activities have an impact on society and the consideration of that impact on decision-making. In the first few days after hurricane Katrina hot New Orleans, Wal-Mart delivered $2 0 million in cash, 100 truckloads of free merchandise, and food for 100,000 meals. The company also promised a job elsewhere for every one of its workers affected by the catastrophe. Social responsibility costs money, but what is not so obvious is that social responsibility is good for business. Customers eventually find out which companies are acting responsibly and which are not. And as a result they spend their money on a product made by a company that is socially responsible just as easily as they avoid a company that does not display this behaviour. The philanthropic approach has produced a competitive advantage for the Body Shop business. The main products of the Body Shop are cosmetics, in an industry that has been strongly criticised for animal testing of products, its use of ingredients that have questionable origins in terms of environmental damage, and its negative effect on womens self-esteem through marketing. To counter this, the Body Shop has designed its products around a strategy of no animal testing, fair trade with third-world suppliers of raw materials, environmental concern in product development and packaging and products that keep their promises and whose prices reflect their contents and manufacturing costs more that inflated brand name prices. In addition, the Body Shop donates parts of its profits to various causes and idealistic organisations. All of these elements have been successful in attracting loyal customers who would not consider buying a pricey branded product that might have been tested on animals (Andersen 2004). Schaffer et al (2008) relates that the Levi Straus Co. Global Sourcing and Operating Guidelines are generally recognised as the first code of conduct created by a multinational corporation and made applicable to its foreign suppliers, and their basic ideas could be applicable to any firm that does business through a global supply chain or with a supplier or contractor in a developing country. These guidelin es represent an effort by Levi Straus to control the activities of more than five hundred overseas contractors and suppliers. in the 1990s the company discovered that twenty-five percent or more of its subcontractors had abused employees in some fashion, and one plant in Bangladesh was using child labour. The response by Levi Straus was to develop guidelines to ensure that its contactors could not do it again. Levi Straus provides its suppliers with manuals and training programs to implement their standards. The company also developed its Country Assessment Guidelines, which are factors to be considered in deciding in which countries they will do business, including whether the human rights record of the country would be damaging to the Levi Straus corporate reputation or brand image. Conclusions There is increasing pressure, particularly for companies in the Western world, or those based in the West, to adopt codes of conduct which affect their economic, legal, ethical and discretionary actions as they pursue their business objectives. There is a proliferation of such codes, and while there are penalties for non-compliance in the economic and legal areas, adhering to ethical and discretional codes can vary with the cultural expectations of the areas in the world where they are employed. This is illustrated by difficulties experienced by international companies in conducting business activities in the underdeveloped areas. There are significant competitive advantages to be gained by the adoption of codes of conduct, but equally, there are pitfalls in that they may conceal hypocrisy on the part of companies who espouse their adherence to them. Deliberate flouting of widely-accepted ethical codes and responsibilities is also demonstrated by some national governments.

Tour Operation Management - 3266 Words

Contents Introduction 1 Defining tour operator 2 Effect of Current and recent trends and development on the tour operations sector 2 Tour operations sector 3 Holiday package 4 Audiences 4 Planning stages 5 Negotiation 7 Details of negotiation 7 Contracting: 8 Pricing details 8 Travel tour operators sell price 9 Brochure planning 9 E – Brochure 9 Appropriateness of E – brochure 10 A case study of Thailand E- brochure 10 Methods of distribution use to sell a holiday 11 Brochure distribution method 11 Website distribution method 12 Agent distribution method 13 Direct selling distribution method 14 Strategy used by tour operators 14 Offer new destination 15 Tactical decisions used by tour†¦show more content†¦There are empty nest that are not taken into account. Given name of the operator: Travel Tour Operator Destination: Goa (India) Holliday type: All inclusive (For 6 days). Departure: London city airport Planning stages Market research Looking for images on this tour operators sell, if holiday sales have been reduced to a destination number. Tour operators and destination may, on motion; they can increase to more investment and holiday proposal a search provider, sales person, the booking agent on the research and communication. As a starter, a small amount of money invested, and the amount depends on the situation. Can I have a research Goa put my destination. It is in India. Now it is one of the best sights of the world. Now a day’s many of the British coming to India for their holiday. Pest analysis To find out problem in the area of the destination PEST are analysed this model is very helpful for any organisation or tour operator its will help me to find out the present situation of my chosen destination. After carry out this PEST investigation there are lots of factors are involve what have mention shortly are as follows: Source: porter (2004) Political issue: * Involvement of violence and conflict * overseas deal concurrence * social constancy problem with management andShow MoreRelatedUnit 40: Tour Operations Management997 Words   |  4 PagesUNIT 40: TOUR OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Get assignment help for this unit at assignmenthelpuk@yahoo.com LO1 Understand the tour operators industry within the travel and tourism sector Tour operators: as defined by EU Package Travel Directive; different types of tour operators including outbound operators, domestic operators, incoming operators, specialist operators, direct sell operators Industry: identification of major tour operators including their origins, ownership, market segments, competitionRead MoreHow to Hard Rock Cafe Success1396 Words   |  6 Pagessuccess story in operation management. 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Unit 1 Db2 - 1762 Words

Resubmission of Unit 1 DB2 Qualitative Methods Introduction In today’s world we seem to put aside things that we consider no longer a threat. Well we are wrong to do this, because HIV/AIDS still affects over 5.4 million people that are walking around with this infection or full blown AIDS. They are friends, Criminals, neighbors, and even children attending school, etc. So, why do we think it is ok to not worry about a problem that does not have a cure, but only a life time of meds? Within this qualitative research method, we will explore Sexual risk, there or the Measures, Sexual risk, method, demographics, HIV/AIDS risk and may add other areas as they relate to this study. Sexual risk The individuals that participated for this study used a format that was more of an open-response type report during a 4 months period time frame. 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The New Energy Agency ( Iea ) - 2815 Words

The recoverable resource base has been considerably expanded by the development of unconventional gas reserves, most significantly in the United States. The International Energy Agency (IEA) predicts that conventional gas reserves are equal to around 120 years at 2010 levels, and when unconventional gas is added this figure rises to nearly 250 years. The remaining resources of gas can comfortably meet IEA projections of demand beyond at least 2035. The twenty first century has seen the rapid development of shale gas in the United States, which has been made possible by technological breakthroughs that allow considerable volumes of gas to be extracted at a price that competes with conventional gas. These technological breakthroughs†¦show more content†¦Despite the game changing potential to increase the geological resource base, political and economic factors none the less may mean that the shale gas revolution leads to shortages in the future and a perpetuation of past energy consumption patterns. This analysis highlights that the role of shale gas as a game changing resources is uncertain, and any predictions that are made on its future can only be approximate guesses. The shale gas revolution calls into question the peak oil hypothesis, which predicts that the price of finite resource will increase dramatically in the future once oil production reaches a peak. The peak oil hypothesis assumes that on the supply side once fifty percent of total world reserves of petrochemicals are extracted production will peak and then go into rapid and permanent decline. Rising oil prices may stimulate drilling in marginal areas but because ninety percent of the worlds reserves have already been discovered this will do little to increase the ultimately recoverable reserves (URR) of oil. This pessimistic prediction for future oil production is combined with a very optimistic prediction for the future of energy consumption. The geologists are also skeptical of the potential of unconventional gas and oil reserves to replace conventional oil. The economic argument for peak oil has its origins in Jevons’ ‘Coal Question’ (1865) and Hotellingâ €™s ‘The

The Adoption of the 13th Amendment to the Civil Rights Act of 1965 Free Essays

string(172) " that the Communist Party of the United States of America CPUSA was the best solution to fight racial inequalities in employment, housing and education \(Carreiro, 1999\)\." The Adoption of the 13th Amendment to the Civil Rights Act of 1965 In the turn of the fifteenth century African American traveled with European explorers, especially Spanish and Portuguese to the New world many serving as crew members, servants and slaves (Bigelow, 2011). African Americans were free in the beginning times of the New World, though first white landowners faced labor crisis, what appeared easiest was to force the strong, hardworking African Americans to slavery by the mid-sixteen hundreds, second the United States Constitution in 1788 did not help, it guaranteed equality only to whites and consider blacks as three-fifths of a person (Bigelow, 2011). The end of the Civil War and the help of Abraham Lincoln, in December 1865 the Thirteen Amendment to the constitution was adopted, stating that slavery was abolished, though it was the beginning of blacks worst struggles to come (Bigelow, 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on The Adoption of the 13th Amendment to the Civil Rights Act of 1965 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The following will view African-Americans lives from the adoption of the Thirteen Amendment to the Civil Rights Act of 1965 focusing how they have worked to end segregation, discrimination and isolation to gain equality and the civil rights. Technology help the New World take its shape, but many would not know that African Americans had a huge impact developing the beginning of it. In 1790 an invention that impacted this countries production of cotton was the cotton gin; invented by Eli Whitney an African American, it helped separate the cotton from the cotton seed which allowed the textile industry to grow (Trotter, 2000). This did not help the blacks they were not viewed as having technical knowledge but only as labor workers, which pushed slavery and Nat Turner’s rebellion in 1832 which outlawed blacks to read, write and cipher (Trotter, 2000). 1836 the U. S. Patent Act came to affect which required inventors to submit models showing the construction, design and specifications, which the literacy restriction denied African Americans to patent their inventions (Trotter, 2000). Then in 1857 the US Supreme Courts Dred and Scott decision, the federal government ruled that enslaved blacks were not citizens which they could not receive patents for their inventions (Trotter, 2000). All this things became obstacles for African Americans to be recognized for their inventions and knowledge in technology. African Americans continue pushing forward and with blacks being excluded from the industrial industry, the impact of emancipations, civil rights law and constitutional amendment, African Americans went from slaves to citizens which gave them rights, which led to many more inventions. The shoe lasting machine was a notable invention by Jan Matzeliger’s, this machine would attached the upper part of the shoe to the sole, which at the times was only done by hand; before 50 pair of shows were done in a day and by the time he perfected the machine 700 pairs of shoes were done in a 10 hour day (Jan Matzeliger, 2011). Other inventions came from Elijah McCoy, who invented numerous lubrication devices for locomotives engines for the railroads and boat steam engines and Grandville T. Wood’s electrical inventions, including a telephone transmitter (Trotter, 2000). It seems African Americans were moving forward though soon after African Americans face another struggle Jim Crows Law or Black Codes. This brought the beginning of segregation; Jim Crows law took voting rights because when the fifteenth Amendment gave those rights to Africans Americans it left loop holes which it was required to take literacy tests and the practice of poll taxes, which again discriminated the blacks (Bowles, 2011). Poll taxes required blacks to show either a payment or a proof of land ownership and the literacy test required blacks to know how to read which most recent freed slave did not know how to read because of the Nat Turner that took education privileges away before the Civil War (Bowles, 2011). Jim Crows laws also separated and downgraded African Americans from the whites, but not for long because the West brought many more opportunities to African Americans. The government excluded Asian immigrants but allow African Americans to take advantage of the Homestead Act of 1862, allowing to purchase 160 acres of land for $1. 25 per acre and to take land for free if a homesteader farmed it for a period of five years (Bowles, 2011). Another Act was the Timber act of 1873 this stated if settlers planted trees of at least one-quarter of the land for four years it gave them the option of taking another 160 acres of land for free, which helped solve some problems of isolation because the West was unknown and required collaboration of people and government (Bowles, 2011). World War I also brought opportunities to African Americans because it called out for 2. 8 million US Citizens out to war which left many Northern jobs vacated which started the time of the â€Å"great migration† (Bowles, 2011). African Americans got the opportunity to move North in Massachusetts munitions plants, Pennsylvania steel mills, and New Jersey brick yards, it was said half a million migrated around World War II (Bowles, 2011). In the 1920’s to 1930’s blacks worked very hard to become better and have equal rights but many industrial places still believed in the Jim Crows law, which the blacks moved from job to jobs, formed all black labor unions like the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, domestic and servant unions, which broke the strike of discriminatory white labor unions in aluminum, coal mining, meatpacking and the steel industries (Trotter, 2000). By 1926 10,000 blacks worked for Henry Ford and gave them many opportunities like supervisory positions, those who worked for Ford felt superior to other plants (Trotter, 2000). This was a rising time for African Americans and as proven, standing their ground and pushing forward was what it required to gain equals rights and the start of a time for those to fight for what belonged to them. In the beginning of the 1930’s many intellectuals like Richard Wright believed that the Communist Party of the United States of America CPUSA was the best solution to fight racial inequalities in employment, housing and education (Carreiro, 1999). You read "The Adoption of the 13th Amendment to the Civil Rights Act of 1965" in category "Papers" The CPUSA was known as â€Å"Negrotarians† the members seemed to adopt intellectual maturation and independence thought from African Americans (Carreiro, 1999). Zora Neal Hurtson an anthropologist and author was the first to use the term â€Å"Negrotarians† they were white humanitarians and philanthropist who â€Å"aesthetically and financially supported young black artist† (Carreiro, 1999). In Voice of the Negro sourced and excerpted stories from African Americans newspapers and published them in 1920 was Robert Kerlin (Bowles, 2011). This gave whites an opportunity to understand firsthand of how African Americans lives were in the United States, which gave blacks an opportunity to speak to become equal (Bowles, 2011). African Americas racial pride and intense desire for equality, the Harlem Renaissance began, they were Harlem artist who demanded respect (Bowles, 2011). From 1920-1934 the whites social reformers and black intellectual faced many problems and whites continue to dominate political and social institutions with no gains of civil rights (Carreiro, 1999). The South continued the Jim Crows law and voting restriction and in the North blacks dealt with color-line employment, housing and entertainment (Carreiro, 1999). Harlem Renaissance declined and was face to a shift of economic and social reform, which was greatly shown in 1933 during the Great Depression (Carreiro, 1999). African continue pushing forward in a wild roller coaster of improvement and then having to start again, but the hard work had been noticed, but hard times called for focus in a time like the Great Depression. African Americans continue the battle of equal rights and believed to fight for the country they lived in. So when World War II came about, nearly one million served, but continued being segregated in to black units led by white officers (Bowles, 2011). Many did not back down and continue to fight for the equal rights they deserved, so on April 12, 1945 101 U. S. Army African American Officers were taking in to custody because they refuse an order from a superior officer, they refused segregation of housing and recreational areas (Bowles, 2011). African American pilots also protested segregation and many showed it by risking their lives, like the Tuskegee airmen Fighter Group 332nd, who flew 15,000 sorties and shot down more than 200 German aircraft, though none were recognized for their heroism, until 50 years later by Bill Clinton (Bowles, 2011). The years from 1950’s to 1960’s many African leaders arise, like members of the NAACP, women, ministers, black powered organizations, and youths from colleges, all protesting for segregation, discrimination and isolation to end for civil rights. A notable civil rights movement was in 1954 with the ruling of Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, it help desegregate African Americans and whites at school’s (Bowles, 2011). Oliver brown argued that it was injustice to make his daughter to walk several miles to attend an all-black school, when a school of all-white was only three block away from her home, which the Plessy vs. Ferguson decision Plessy stated that schools needed to be equal. In this case it was just making it harder for his daughter and other children to attend school, so Chief Justice Earl Warren ruled in favor of Oliver Brown (Bowles, 2011). Though the ruling was done it unfortunately left the rest, for the board of education to figure out when they would desegregate, which they were in no hurry to do anything about it. Arkansas governor Orval Faubus opposed the ruling and assembled the Arkansas National Guard to confront it, but President Eisenhower did not allowed and sent 1,000 paratroopers from the 101st Airborne Division to allow the Little Rock Nine to attend the all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas (Bowles, 2011). President Eisenhower was a huge influencer to civil rights, he approved the Civil Rights Act of 1957, it did not do much positive to African Americans but it helped established a civil rights office within the Department of Justice, with 10 lawyers staffing it (Bowles, 2011). Other influencers of the time, that kept things true through music was Bob Dylan, singing about the 14 year old boy Emmet Till who was beaten to death by two white men, and both later released (Bowles, 2011). Times were tough and in spark of the civil rights movement this set them back in times of hatred and violence, segregation continue in the South and the Brown decision disappeared in Arkansas, a new strategy needed to be approached. Rosa Parks a 42 year old African American women and former secretary of the NAACP, road a bus in Montgomery, Alabama on December 1, 1955 helped focus on a new strategy to civil rights (Bowles, 2011). Riding the bus was not the problem, the problem was that the city ordinance stated that African Americans had to give up their seat on a train or bus if a white person asked; it also stated blacks were not allowed to sit parallel with a white person. Rosa Parks refused to give her seat when a white man asked for it; he got off the next stop, called authorities and had her arrested (Bowles, 2011). As a former NAACP she was committed to the movement but she acted as a private citizen, which led to the Montgomery bus boycott. A 26 year-old black pastor responding with poetic and deeply felt words led to another approach of civil rights movement, his name was Dr. Marti Luther King, Jr. He helped organized the Montgomery bus boycott, about 90 percent of blacks that normally rode the bus on a daily basis began walking, riding a bicycle or carpooling to work (Bowles, 2011). He also helped urge for them to buy less at Christmas since the lack of transportation, plus it was a good time to show what Christmas was truly about. The boycott lasted until the Browder vs. Gayle federal case, which showed that segregation laws were unconstitutional, which helped King become a noticeable civil rights leader, with stories appearing in New York Times Magazine, he appearing in the cover of Time, and was the second African America guest in NBC;s Meet the Press (Bowles, 2011). Following Gandhi nonviolent philosophy he was able to coordinate many more boycotts in other cities, which led other to view this movement differently in a more nonviolent way. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee formed sit-ins as a form to protest. Four African American freshmen from the North Carolina Agricultural and technical College sat under a sign that read, â€Å"We don’t serve colored here† but they did not cared and remained seated until closing and promised to return the next day till served (Bowles, 2011). This movement spread quickly with roughly 70,000 people sitting in across the nation, some 2,000 arrested and some were attacked by whites (Hall, 2007). The NAACP a national leader supplied bail money and legal advice to this activist, and later 3000 from the NAACP boycott stores that practice discrimination which dropped sales because of the refusal to buy (Hall, 2007). Though this movement was nonviolent others like the white used force one being done in 1963 Bull Connor unleash police dogs and high-pressure hoses on Black school-children in Birmingham, Alabama bringing blacks to the streets (Hall, 2007). King went to Washington, DC, where he gathered 200,000 demonstrators at the National Mall and addressed them with his famous â€Å"We Shall Overcome† speech on August 23, 1963. King’s words at the capital that day were a defining moment of the Civil Rights movement (Bowles, 2011). † After the assassination of President Kennedy, Johnson assures congress he would honor the passage of the civil rights bill that Kennedy fought for before his death. The Civil Right Act of 1964 stated, â€Å"An Act, to enforce the constitutional right to vote, to confer jurisdiction upon the district courts of the United States to provide injunctive relief against discrimination in public accommodations, to authorize the Attorney General to institute suits to protect constitutional rights in public facilities and public education, to extend the Commission on Civil Rights, to prevent discrimination in federally assisted programs, to establish a Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity, and for other purposes (Bowles, 2011). This helped start the EEOC, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission who serve as a watch dog to employers to treat every employee equally. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was the final pass after a march that ended as the Bloody Sunday; blacks were attacked as they walked 52 miles from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama (Bowles, 2011). These boycotts, sit-ins and marches led to a change in laws and lead to the end of legal segre gation of the races, known as the de jure segregation (Bowles, 2011). African Americans are sure very hard working citizens to what they believe are right and will go the limit to prove this right. With continues roller coasters over high and rocky mountains, blacks accomplished many success that lead to the Acts passed in 1965. Many important people including some white supported the end of segregation and civil rights which with patience and courage it was shown it was something accomplishable over time, since change requires time.? References Bigelow, B. C. (2011). African Americans. Retrieved October 2, 2011, from Countries and Their Cultures website: http://www. everyculture. com/multi/A-Br/African-Americans. html Bowles, M. (2011). A history of the United States since 1865. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education Carreiro, A. E. (1999, Summer). Ghosts of the Harlem Renaissance: â€Å"Negrotarians† in Richard Wright’s Native Son. The Journal of Negro History, 84(3), 247-259. Retrieved from http://www. jstor. rg/ stable/2649004 Hall, S. (2007, November). Civil Rights Activism in 1960s Virginia. Journal of Black Studies, 38(2), 251-267. Retrieved from http://www. jstor. org/stable/40034978 Jan Matzeliger. (2011). Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http://www. blackinventor. com/pages/ jan-matzeliger. html Trotter, J. W. , Jr. (2000, Fall). African Americans and the Industrial Revolution. OAH Magazine of History, 15(1), 19-23. Retrieved from http://www. jstor. org/stable/25163396 How to cite The Adoption of the 13th Amendment to the Civil Rights Act of 1965, Papers

High Performance Work Practice

Question: Discuss about the High Performance Work Practice. Answer: Introduction: High performance work practice is one of the major policies of human resource strategies in order to stimulate employees for enhancing the organizational performance. It has been observed that organizations success is highly dependent on the performance of employees. The service provided by every individual employee is the most effective weapon to earn organizational revenue. People from different geographical markets tend to be associated with a particular business organization as its employees. Therefore, human resource managers are primarily responsible on how to develop the employee performance at the workplace. Harvey Norman is popularly known as one of the largest multinational retail companies situated in Australia. Among the several retail sectors, Harvey Norman primarily deals with furniture, bedding, computer, communications, electrical products and so many. Behind gaining the recognition of multinational countries this particular organization has implemented major strategi es and policies at the workplace (harveynorman.com.au, 2017). Among those strategies, the importance of high performance work practice is most prominent. While dealing with the employees, the human resource managers of Harvey Norman have always aimed to motivate the spirit of these employees so that they can perform well for the further progress of business. This particular study has provided a critical evaluation on how this particular organization has applied high performance work practice at the workplace for stimulating the employee. Some of the most effective barriers in implementing this specific policy have also been discussed in this particular study. However, while discussing the impact of high performance work practice on Harvey Norman some of the scholars have expressed numerous opinions regarding this specific topic. The study has critically evaluated on how Harvey Norman with the help of this particular strategy is able to motivate the employees for rendering the business success (harveynorman.com.au, 2017). Discussion: Kehoe and Wright (2013) opined that three major aspects of employee engagement are there that includes cognitive aspect, emotional aspect and behavioral aspect. As per the cognitive aspect, the concept of the employee regarding the organization, its managers, leaders and policies is most prominent. Based on the organizational cultures and behaviors, the relationship between managers and employees the success of a particular business organization is highly dependent. As per the emotional aspect, it has been implied that employees should have a feeling for each other while working together within a business organization. In other word, while working within a team every individual employee should show their sympathetic attitudes towards each other despite having different cultural attitudes and backgrounds. On the other hand, behavioral aspect includes employees should maintain a proper behavior and discipline at the workplace. However, these major three aspects is highly significant fo r rendering the success of a business organization. Headquartered in New South Wales this particular organization, Harvey Norman has already established their entire business process in multinational countries. Millions of employees are directly associated for the progress of this specific organization. Therefore, the human resource managers of Harvey Norman have decided to implement high performance work practice at the workplace in order to encourage the employees towards meeting the business goal. Jensen, Patel and Messersmith (2013) stated that employee motivation is the concept that aims to generate the spirit of employees for providing their best services to the customers. The primary objectives of Harvey Norman in implementing high performance work practice are raising the level of employee performance. The business experts of Harvey Norman in order to increase the performance level of employees have followed some of the major strategies. Boxall (2012) opined that the implementation of incentive and bonus scheme for those emplo yees who are flexible enough to provide overtime duty is one of the most effective strategies to encourage the employees towards reaching business goal. Patel, Messersmith and Lepak (2013) opined that the employees of this particular organization are flexible enough to receive necessary facilities and benefits from the organizational managers due to any kind of health issue. The employers of Harvey Norman tend to take entire responsibilities for those employees who have to face any major health issue at the workplace. Therefore, the employees do not have to face challenges while facing health issue within the organization. On the other hand, the human resource managers of Harvey Norman by arranging an interpersonal communication at the weekend tend to know about the necessary problems and barriers that the employees have to face at the workplace. As a result, the internal relation between every individual employee and human resource manager is very much effective. Niehaves, Kffer and Ortbach (2012) stated that these kinds of positive effects highly reflect on the performance level of the employees. Harvey Norman while implementing an individual employee within the business organization tends to focus on their skill and level of competency rather than their religious backgrounds. As a result, this specific organization had to face innumerable problems at the workplace. People, belonging to diverse cultures and attitudes, work together at the organization of Harvey Norman. While making teamwork the employees have to face several barriers such as communication barrier, psychological barriers, cultural barriers, religious barriers and so on. Due to the linguistic barrier, especially the employee of Harvey Norman failed to exchange important information with each other. As a result, this kind of communication gap highly affects the entire performance level of employees. Waal and Sivro (2012) stated that the implication of high performance work practice implies that people belonging to different cultural attitudes should make a group discussion session at every weekend. In this particular group discussion, people from different cultural background take part and share their opinion regarding a particular topic. The primary purpose of Harvey Norman is to get those employees involved towards a specific topic so that the employee can take collective decisio n. Collective decision is possessed with major positive impact. In order to implement high performance work practice Harvey Norman has decided to follow participative style of leadership at the workplace. Chadwick, Super and Kwon (2015) opined that the most effective reasons of using participative form of leadership style at the workplace are employee engagement. In this specific form of leadership style, the leaders involve the employees to share their opinion regarding the business goal. As a result, both the employers and the employees have the equal right to take a business decision. Robbins et al. (2015) stated that participative form of leadership is not very much effective every time for enhancing the performance level of employees. Harvey Norman has faced the similar experience. It has been observed that the employees of Harvey Norman at a time started to misuse the leadership style. They tend to express their opinion in such a way the business leaders had to face difficulties in maintaining that particular decision for business progress. In this kind of situation, a major gap had been raised in between the employees and the business leaders. Depending on the situation, organizational managers have to implement leadership style at the workplace, be it autocratic, participative or transformational. Meyers and van Woerkom (2014) stated that high performance work practice is the conceptual framework that imposed the business employees for performing well towards reaching the business goal. This particular organizational practice enables the employees to perform well in order to meet the needs and demands of employees. Behind making Harvey Norman as a multinational retail sector, the contributions of employees are undeniable. The human resource managers always like to prefer providing professional training and guidance to the employees of Harvey Norman with the help of which they become successful in meeting the current trend of market. On the other hand, this particular organization is having e-commerce business process as well (Patel Conklin, 2012). With the help of e-commerce business, the employees can communicate with the customers of different geographical boundaries. Therefore, with the help of high performance work practice the employees have been provided an effective tr aining for increasing their performance on technological skill. As a result, the employees of Harvey Norman are efficient for handling any kind of sudden technological barriers at the workplace. The performance of employees being based on technologies is very much progressive in meeting customers expectation. Conclusion: The entire study has provided in-depth overview about the importance of and significance of high performance work practice on the employees. Human resource managers in order to encourage the employees at workplace tend to implement some major initiatives. Maintaining an effective employee relation at workplace is highly important with the help of which employees can be motivated towards performing well at within the organization. Harvey Norman after expanding their business in different geographical boundaries has decided to appoint the employees from different cultural background. Diversity at the workplace enables the organization to make collective decision. On the other hand, after the growth of revenue, the employees of Harvey Norman get numerous additional facilities and benefits because of which employees show their rate of interest for performing well. On the other hand, one of the most effective reasons of implementing high performance work practice is employee motivation. Harvey Norman likes to follow some of the most important motivational theories at their workplace in order to push the employee towards meeting the business target. At the same time, it is also undeniable that this particular practice is able to maintain organizational culture and behavior of Harvey Norman. Reference List: Boxall, P. (2012). High?performance work systems: what, why, how and for whom?.Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources,50(2), 169-186. Chadwick, C., Super, J. F., Kwon, K. (2015). Resource orchestration in practice: CEO emphasis on SHRM, commitment?based HR systems, and firm performance.Strategic Management Journal,36(3), 360-376. de Waal, A., Sivro, M. (2012). The relation between servant leadership, organizational performance, and the high-performance organization framework.Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies,19(2), 173-190. harveynorman.com.au., (2017). Shop Online for Computers, Electrical, Furniture, Bedding, Bathrooms Flooring | Harvey Norman Australia. (2017).Harveynorman.com.au. Retrieved 15 April 2017, from https://www.harveynorman.com.au Jensen, J. M., Patel, P. C., Messersmith, J. G. (2013). High-performance work systems and job control: Consequences for anxiety, role overload, and turnover intentions.Journal of Management,39(6), 1699-1724. Kehoe, R. R., Wright, P. M. (2013). The impact of high-performance human resource practices on employees attitudes and behaviors.Journal of management,39(2), 366-391. Kroon, B., Van De Voorde, K., Timmers, J. (2013). High performance work practices in small firms: a resource-poverty and strategic decision-making perspective.Small Business Economics,41(1), 71-91. Meyers, M. C., van Woerkom, M. (2014). The influence of underlying philosophies on talent management: Theory, implications for practice, and research agenda.Journal of World Business,49(2), 192-203. Niehaves, B., Kffer, S., Ortbach, K. (2012). IT consumerizationa theory and practice review. Patel, P. C., Conklin, B. (2012). Perceived labor productivity in small firmsthe effects of high?performance work systems and group culture through employee retention.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,36(2), 205-235. Patel, P. C., Messersmith, J. G., Lepak, D. P. (2013). Walking the tightrope: An assessment of the relationship between high-performance work systems and organizational ambidexterity.Academy of Management Journal,56(5), 1420-1442. Robbins, J., Garman, A. N., Song, P. H., McAlearney, A. S. (2012). How high-performance work systems drive health care value: an examination of leading process improvement strategies.Quality Management in Healthcare, 21(3), 188-202.

Capital vs Liquidity free essay sample

In the context of the events of the last few years just how important is liquidity to the survival and well-being of Financial Institutions? Some believe it has a greater influence on events than Capital! Discuss. (In this assignment you need to outline the role of liquidity, issues arising when liquidity is scarce and compare the role of liquidity to that of Capital but most importantly give your own view on these matters) Role of Liquidity Liquidity can be defined as 1) the ability of a business to meet obligations without disposing of its fixed assets or 2) the degree to which assets of a company can be easily converted into cash. The evolution of banking has seen their balance sheet composition change. The model changed from one of borrowing at low rates and lending high rates with little interest rate or liquidity risk to one where borrowing in the short end and lending in longer maturities. This change created both interest rate risk and liquidity risk. [pic] Figure 1 Liquidity Gap In the early model a 1 month loan at 8% is matched by a 1 month deposit at 5%. The margin is locked in at 3%. The only risk to the bank is credit risk, i. e. that the loan gets repaid. In the modern scenario we have a 150 day loan at 6% funded by a 7 day deposit at 1%. In this example we have credit risk, interest rate risk and liquidity risk. This model facilitates greater margin as it is generally cheaper to borrow in the short term and higher rates available if lending in the longer term. The risks are that in 7 days, where will the borrowing rate be (rate risk) and will the bank be able to borrow (liquidity risk)? The hedging of interest rate risk has been made much easier with the evelopment of interest rate swaps and other derivative items. As these are off balance sheet products, they do not provide liquidity and so the modern model is very susceptible to any problems with liquidity. The interbank cash market is quite sophisticated. International banks can trade with each other very efficiently using many products. †¢ Straight loans and deposits, si mple products of fixed term from overnight up to 1 year. Usually not guaranteed. †¢ Bond repurchase agreements (repos), banks borrow cash and pledge a bond as security against the loan. More secure for the lender than loans and therefore cheaper for the borrower. †¢ Foreign exchange forwards, involves the exchange of one currency for another for a fixed term. These are cleared centrally and will have a small element of credit risk. These are useful if an organisation is able to access one currency and unable to source another, e. g. the US dollar funding requirements of Irish Banks. †¢ Commercial Paper (CP) and Certificates of Deposit (CD’s) are similar to a cash loans but it can be sold on in the secondary market. This makes them more liquid. All of the above are used to â€Å"square up† a bank’s books on a daily basis. Also banks run gap analysis to reconcile any funding mismatches and close off those gaps if required. This is called liability management. The funding situation would generally have been very fluid. For example, CD’s issued on the day or a large corporate withdrawing a sizeable deposit. The interbank market was the place to lend your excess cash or borrow your shortage and it functioned effectively. This post World War II move to asset driven balance sheets has led to increased focus on liability management. This, aligned with disintermediation, where large corporates bypassed traditional banking methods, led to more innovation in the banking industry. Medium Term Notes (MTNs) and asset securitisation are longer term funding solutions that became more popular in recent times. MTNs can be senior or subordinated debt and are quite flexible for issuer and investor. They usually are for 3 to five years and some may have embedded options. They can have fixed or floating rates and trade on the secondary market. Securitisation involves the packaging of assets into a bond and selling them with the underlying assets as security on the bonds. Typical assets that can be sold this way are mortgages, credit card debt, car loans or student debt. This model was used by Northern Rock (NR) in the UK where they originated mortgages that were then securitised. This enabled them to â€Å"churn† their balance sheet and issue more mortgages. There was an inherent liquidity risk run by NR with this model as their funding was not diversified sufficiently aligned with a failure to realise that market conditions for mortgage backed securities (MBS) would deteriorate in stressed markets. Between issuing a mortgage and securitising it, there will always be a time lag and to cover that NR relied on wholesale interbank funding in the short dates (up to 3 months). This source quickly disappeared as banks pulled any limits. The building society had then to go to their lender of last resort, the Bank of England, and with that news hitting the headlines, ordinary depositors queued up outside branches to get their own money out. This was the first run on a UK bank in 150 years. Eventually NR was taken over by the state. In the context of this case it’s interesting to note that the run was caused by what I would consider â€Å"over-transparency†. The Bank of England had a rule that obliged them to publish the names of institutions that used its liquidity support facility and allied with a lack of satisfactory deposit insurance their depositors took their money and ran. Maybe the rule is not so suitable in these conditions. When Liquidity is Scarce The current crisis we are in the midst of now began in 2007 when sub-prime mortgage bonds became problematic. As well as a regular market for these bonds, a Credit Default Swap (CDS) market also developed. CDS are a derivative that transfers the credit risk of an underlying security, effectively insurance against default. If you bought a bond and also a CDS on that bond, theoretically, you are hedged). The result was that the sub-prime problem had ramifications worldwide. Which banks held sub-prime debt, which institutions had written CDS on s ub-prime debt? Banks may not have any exposure to sub-prime but may well have exposure to banks that had. The international money market was tied together in this crisis. There was a serious lack of transparency of each bank. You couldn’t analyse it latest financial statements and ascertain any given level of risk in a particular area. Money market funds in the US, lenders of cash in the short dates, retrenched. They put their cash into short dated government debt and avoided the interbank market which then froze. There was no liquidity in the market. Confidence was quickly disappearing and if the interbank market loses confidence in an institution, credit lines will be withdrawn, and liquidity will quickly become a major problem. Chart 1 below shows the spread between 3month Euribor* and 3 month Eonia**. In normal functioning markets, these rates should be very similar. They are a measure of the price of liquidity in the markets. As can be seen the correlation is close up to mid ’07. [pic] Chart 1. However in stressed markets you can see what happens. In August ’07 sub-prime became an issue and then again in Sep ’08 when Lehman Brothers failed and once again this summer when the Greek debt crisis began to escalate. The liquidity in European interbank markets was drying up. The above graph represents the â€Å"LIBOR-Eonia† spread and is widely traded in markets now as a hedge against liquidity a crunch. In Ireland in Sept ’08, with the increasing uncertainty of Anglo Irish Banks exposure to the commercial property market, the Irish government has to step in and issue a blanket guarantee on all Irish banks liabilities. [pic] Source Central bank of Ireland. Credit Money Banking Statistics Chart 2. Initially, money flowed into the covered institutions but, as time progressed, the deposits in the Irish banking system left. Chart 2 above shows the more striking movements. I have isolated non-resident deposits. These have fallen by 63% since Oct ’08. Also I have highlighted Irish banks issuance. This falloff shows that the money markets are closed to Irish banks. The modern banks liquidity risk of borrowing short and lending long was crystallizing. Ireland Inc. was losing liabilities. Our loan-to-deposit ratios were deteriorating. Deposit holders moved funds into the AAA rated Rabodirect or elsewhere. Bondholders moved into safer havens such as UK gilts and German Bunds. Further assistance was required for the banks. Central bank intervention began. The ECB began long term refinancing operations (LTRO) where banks could avail of up to 1year cash at the ECB average rate. To avail of the LTRO suitable collateral was required. The Central Bank of Ireland (CBI) assisted with emergency liquidity assistance (ELA) when collateral was ineligible for the ECB. Interestingly the CBI would have take massive haircuts on the collateral which was ineligible for ECB, up to 75%, this would put a lot of pressure on deposit gathering resources. This pressure can be seen in the rates Irish banks are paying for deposits currently. Pressure was increasing for banks to rebuild balance sheets and as the ability to acquire liabilities was extremely limited, they began to reduce assets. These disposals took place in distressed and illiquid markets. Efficient markets did not now exist. The management of liquidity was quickly becoming a one-stop shop, the ECB. Liquidity regulations are largely as a result of the recent liquidity crisis. The prudential liquidity assessment review (PLAR) was introduced by the CBI. This has guidelines consistent with Basel III and other relevant measures of high quality funding. These guidelines will require banks to hold large liquidity buffers mainly of cash and highly rated government debt. The measures on Basel III are primarily the liquidity coverage ratio (LCR 2015) and the net stable funding requirement (NFSR 2018). What levels of liquidity required will be based on stress testing the liquidity profile based on a number of stressed liquidity events. LCR covers short term liquidity stresses and will require high quality unencumbered assets. The NFSR covers a stressed period of a year long and would apply haircuts to all asset classes. This liquidity buffer will come at a cost. Holding low yielding government debt and cash incurs opportunity cost. This cost will be allocated on to the business areas in banks that have generated the assets and will eventually lead to higher cost of funds to the borrower. Also there is the developing situation where the availability of high quality bonds may not meet banks liquidity requirements. The Role of Capital Capital is a company’s net assets including all retained earnings and reserves such as loan loss reserves and can be viewed as an organisations’ strength. Capital should be available for any potential losses a bank may incur. There has been a lot of focus on bank capital from Basel I back in the eighties up to Basel III and the EU’s Capital Requirement Directive (CRD IV), which is currently being implemented. Initially capital ratios were focused on Japanese banks that grew to be the biggest in the world. They did so with very low capital bases (approx 2%). The western world viewed this as inequitable and so Basel I was introduced. Basel I introduced the Cooke ratio that defined capital as equity, retained earnings and convertible bonds (hybrids). It also outlined the weightings assigned to loans to calculate capital requirements. Loans to corporates 100% weighting, loans to banks 20% and sovereigns 0% and it set a capital level of 8% of the weighted assets. [pic] The McDonough Ratio was developed in Basel II and refined its predecessor to include new financial instruments used to manage risk in banks. The latest initiatives focus on the appropriate level of capital required for a given level of risk under certain stressed scenarios. Known as regulatory capital, it is difficult to calculate and we can see many examples of this over the recent past. The question I would ask in trying to come up with an appropriate level of capital is â€Å"What are your future losses going to be? † Is this a ridiculous question? The European Banking Authority, in its first two stress tests couldn’t figure it out. Ireland’s two pillar banks passed the first test in July 2010 and Dexia passed in July 2011 (core tier 1 ratio of 10. 4%) only for all to be nationalised soon after. I think the latest stress tests may be getting closer but the current market uncertainties just magnify the problem. What capital will BNP Paribas, holder of â‚ ¬5bn of Greek Bonds, need with Greece government debt receiving a 50% haircut? What will it need if Greece defaults? I can understand the difficulties for the authorities. Also the banking industry is slow to get to the required level. Basel III has a core tier 1 ratio of 10. % but the target date is 2019. What level is enough and could this level be too much? Models using Value at Risk measures will be using data from the most volatile period in history. Could they be overestimating? Capital comes at a cost. Investors require a return and too much capital could lead to slower or more expensive lending which will lead to lower growth and lower profits a nd erosion of share values. Conclusion In this crisis liquidity has been a massive issue. Capital levels have been hot topics for many years but the effects of this credit crunch has highlighted the importance of proper liquidity provisions. If PLAR had been in place for the last 10 years, would the Irish banks have gotten themselves into this position? Not in my opinion. It certainly would have focused the mind on how liquid our booming commercial and residential property portfolios were. It is, however, debatable whether any shock factors to account for the sudden change in Irish banks books would have been incorporated in the risk models used to assess potential liquidity shortages. Banks dependence on short term wholesale funding was a critical fault. There is no doubt that the relevant authorities worldwide did not recognise the risk. Basel III provides for it by 2019! The European Central Bank is not even a lender of last resort for European banks. It is breaking treaty rules currently with its buying of peripheral government bonds. The liquidity issue can also put pressure on perfectly good entities. Unfortunately we now have a situation where disposal of assets in this stressed environment is required to build up required capital and liquidity buffers. Discounts being applied are serious and it is creating a vicious circle of selling assets to create capital while eroding capital as assets are sold cheaper than could be expected. Perhaps the markets were operating too perfectly for too long. Short term wholesale funding was plentiful for a long time and banks got used to it. It made the carry trade (lending long and borrowing short) easy. However as Warren Buffet famously remarked, â€Å"only when the tide goes out, do you learn who has been swimming naked†. However liquidity problems are like smoke and capital problems are the fire. If concerns over a banks’ liquidity arise, it is primarily because there is concern over its capital or its ability to meet any losses.

Interesting Essay Topics To Write An Essay On

Interesting Essay Topics To Write An Essay OnIt is amazing how many interesting topics one can write an essay on, but you must remember that writing an essay is not merely an exercise in word-building. For it to be able to truly be an essay, it should have a proper structure and tone. This article will give you some of the more intriguing essay topics you can write an essay on.First, what could be a better incentive than to be able to do a few articles for free? Free reports are generally very interesting to read. They are extremely practical and helpful. The best ones come from private companies who are willing to share some of their reports in order to advertise their products and services.As someone who is not much of a reader, this is a real bonus for me. I know there are always more than enough free reports to go around. So if you are struggling to find enough resources, write an essay on the topic of how much money you would make with your current job.Another topic you can writ e an essay on is the topics that are important to your local businesses. There are always plenty of businessmen out there looking for ways to expand their business. Sometimes they simply need a good place to start.You might be able to find a good market opportunity in a particular region or city. Your local businesses can help you open up that opportunity.In fact, you could even find the right product to get involved in the new business you are considering. There are also quite a few writers who love to explore new topics in order to come up with new articles.As you can see, there are some essay topics you can write an essay on. It just depends on what you have in mind and whether or not you can make it happen. Who knows, you might even find yourself selling them on eBay!